@BetterJudgment said:
@VulgarKitten I use Durkheim all the time for his insights on the sociology of religion. However, for population growth and capitalism, I'd use someone far more current and with some quantitative chops. Also, my brief look at the grab bag of sources your listed indicates that while many of them say that population growth was necessary for the foundation of capitalism, none of them say that it is necessary for the continuance of capitalism or even talk much about it at all in terms of current growth. Perhaps you could post some specific links? (I know you quoted Faris, but that's 1975 and, really, someone who makes so basic and Marxist an error as to call feudalism a "mode of production" when production was an epiphenomenon of the social institution of feudalism is pretty suspect.)
Perhaps a more physical example, then, since it seems like you were not able to access the entirety of the articles I linked to (for if you had been able, then you would see that the articles expound on the necessity of population growth over the long term).
Let's look at what has been observed in Japan, where population growth slowed, halted, and eventually reversed. Per capita incomes have risen only very slowly, government debt is enormous, households are heavy savers, and deflation is endemic. Population growth isn't a cure-all, but in the present economic situation it's likely to make the resolution of a range of problems much easier. In this instance it is necessary for capitalism. Is it the only thing necessary? Not at all, and I'll point out here that I made no claim of it being the only necessity for enhanced capitalism . @Ganymede points out other influences in their post (distribution and technology et al), so no need to go there. However, here's where I (and my research) differ from the converse school of thought: Kremer and other more recent theorists (Galor and Weil, Sorel) have stated and empirically confirmed that larger population is associated with higher population growth rates and faster technological development. Technological development, then, becomes a consequence of population growth, leads to an increase in labor productivity, per capita income and improvements in living conditions, and increased capitalism. Here is, hopefully, an article you might find interesting, as it argues both sides of the spectrum, is current, and is free to access: https://www.academia.edu/430979/Population_and_Economic_Growth
Re: Durkheim; most of the data captured in "The Division of Labor in Society," is empirical. Have you read this particular work, to know why I referenced it? In fact, Durkheim was a pioneer of empirical (quantitative) measures, though granted he is not current by any means. However, neither is Marx current and we can still apply his theories broadly to society today.